Wednesday, November 18, 2009

Chapter 10- Community Health and Minorities

In this chapter it discusses that one of the great stengths of the united states has been, and remains diverse. The federal government has categorized the US population into five racial groups american, indian or alaska native, asain, black or african american, native hawaiian or other pacific islander, and white, and there are two ethnic groups Hispanic or latino and non-hispanic or latino. All cutural and ethnic groups hold concepts related to health and illnesses and associated practices for maintaining well-being or providing treatment when it is indicated. The race and health initiative includes six priority areas, 1. infant mortality, 2. cancer screening and management, 3. cadiovascular disease 4. diabetes 5. HIV/AIDS, and 6. adult and child immunization.
As a group we discussed that the diversity in the United States is good because there are kids in schools that dont know about the different types of ethnic groups and the different colors of people. It is good so that the kids can learn and so that the other ethnic groups can feel comfortable in the United States and as a group we felt that, that is very important.

Friday, November 13, 2009

Chapter 15:Environmental concerns: Wastes and Pollution

In this chapter it talks about how humans are a big part of the environment, our health is affected by this because as the population grows so does the amount of pollution. Some of the things that can take place when there is a lot of pollution is: Human body waste which causes wastewater, excess materials and food which causes trash and garbage, yard wastes which includes grass clippings and tree breanches, construction wastes which makes scrap wood and metal, contamination water, excess heat and noise, agricultural wastes which include animal dung, runoff from feedlot operations, crop residues, and animal carcasses, transportation wates which causes carbon monoxide, gaseous pollutants, and used motor oil, and energy production wastes which includes mining wastes, electrical power (combustion of coal) wastes, and nuclear power (radioactive) wastes. Some sources of solid wastes are industrial wich contributes 8% of the waste, mining which contributes to 38% of the waste, agricultural which contributes 51% of the waste and finally municipal which contributes to 3% of the waste.
As a group we talked about the things that could be changed so that our environment is more cleaner, which will make it so that there arent as many problems that occur with our health problems that are realted to the waste that causes pollution from the human society. We think that if we taught the kids that are in school how to be mre efficient with living and recycle then we think that over time the pollution levels will be way down and we will have a reduction in the amounts of illnesses caused by this, and we will have a cleaner environment.

Sunday, October 25, 2009

Chapter 9: Elders

Chapter 9 discusses health of the elderly in America. “Today, more than ever, many people belong to multigenerational families where there are opportunities to develop long-lasting relationships with parents, grandparents, and even great-grandparents.” People are living longer than ever before. The United States is in the middle of a longevity revolution. The average person is expected to live to be 77 years old. There is also an increase in the elderly population because of the Baby Boomers; and the oldest of that cohort with be 65 in 2011. We are at the point in history when a significant portion of Americans will assume some responsibility for the care of their aging parents because there will be so many of them. An aging population presents the community with several concerns, which means legislators and taxpayers will be faced with decisions about how best to afford the costs (Social Security, government employee pensions, and Medicare) of an ever-increasing elderly dependency ratio.

Some factors in which the elderly population size is effected are fertility rates, mortality rates, and migration. Other variables effecting elders are their marital status living arrangements, racial and ethnic composition, geographic distribution, economic status, and housing. As people age, they become much more dependent on others, as reluctant as they may be about it.

In today’s society there are several stereotypes and myths about elders, many of them were covered in this chapter. One that we all admitted we thought was true was that old people are lonely and ignored when in fact they’re actually the least likely to be lonely of any age group; and those who live alone are likely to be in close contact, either in person, phone, or email with close friends and family. A few other myths such as: “life goes downhill after 65, old people are senile, and elderly no longer have sexual interest” were all busted.

We all agreed that we thoroughly enjoyed reading this chapter. One part we all mentioned were the myths/facts explained in the chapter which we liked reading about. While most of us in the group our comfortable with our grandparents and have built a friendly relationship with them others expressed how they’ve never gotten to know them on a personal basis and feel somewhat afraid of them.


Monday, October 19, 2009

Chapter 17: Injuries As a Problem

"The word injury is derived from the latin word for 'not right." This is certainly a proper term because the affect injuries have on the health of communities is all too correct.
There are two main types of injuries, unintentional and intentional.
The four characteristics of unintentional injuries are 1) they are unplanned 2) they usually are preceded by an unsafe act or condition 3) they often are accompanied by economic loss and 4) they interrupt the efficient completion of tasks. Unintentional injuries are also the 5th leading cause of death. Some examples of these injuries are motor vehicle crashes, poisonings, falls and others, such as fires and firearms. Some of the methods of prevention are education, regulation, and automatic protection and litigation.
Intentional injuries are things such as homicide, assault, and rape. In these cases, minorities and youth are the most at risk. Another issue in this category is family violence, including child and elder maltreatment.
As a whole, injuries play a huge role on the economic burden of the US as well. Each year, billions of dollars go towards the costs of these occurences. An example is $143 billion dollars for just fatal injuries alone. That number only makes up about 35% of the total money spent.

Our group was astonished by the numbers, and we enjoyed reviewing the statistics the chapter provided. Each day on the news, we here of things happening, but never really realized just how often. Having them broken down into categories really helped up to see the issues these incidents present to the communities.

Friday, October 16, 2009

Chapter 14 - Health Care System: Function

Chapter 14 covers health care services; how consumers obtain them, how the services are paid for, and who pays for them. In this chapter it also discusses the concerns for out health care delivery system - which is access, quality, and cost. While some current and potential solutions are examined throughout the chapter it also shows how the United States is the only developed country in the world without national health insurance. It evaluates two major means by which health care is delivered in the US - fee-for-service and prepaid health plans.
As a group, we agreed that we didn't think it was fair how the system is set up. There are many Americans who have health insurance; however, there are many American who do not. For example, younger, less educated people are less likely to have insurance as well as non-whites, men, and non-US citizen people. We all felt that doctors should treat patients for what they're sick with at the time, not look at their past medical history and decide if they're worthy of treating or not. America is a leading nation in many aspects but it's time to look to other countries and take a less from them on successful health care systems.

Wednesday, October 7, 2009

Chapter 13

This chapter discussed the improved procedures, equipment, and facilities, along with the increase in noncommunicable diseases in the 1940's that later led to a rise in the cost of health care. It talked about the health care delivery in the United States. The U.S. has created a medical entanglement that we as the citizens are born into. In many other countries the medical attention people seek is run and organzied by the government and is paid for, mostly by taxes. In these countries almost all citizens are entitled to receive health care services. Then, there is the U.S. whose health care is provided by an array of providers, in many different settings, under regulators, and paid for in many different ways. The main points behind this chapter are to open the reader's eyes and ask two important questions. How did we get to this point and when did it become ok to put the quality and life of some Americans more important than others? If everything is supposed to involve equality why wouldn't Americans be able to receive equal health care and medical attention in hospitals or doctor's offices when needed no questions asked.
When reflecting on the chapter, our group learned that as the cost of heath care was rising, it became to expensive for many people to afford. Around this time the debate over heath care being a basic right or a privledge in the U.S. came about. When the chapter continued to discuss the increasing heath care costs in the late 1960's and 1970's better heath care delivery began to be questioned. As for today, not many changes have occured. As a group we believe the U.S. heath care delivery systems need to improve and need to be considered for change.

Sunday, October 4, 2009

Chapter 12 - Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs: A Community Health Concern

"It is difficult to argue with those who state that the abuse of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs is the nations number one community health program."
Not only is consuming drugs and alcohol bad for ones health, it also effects the people surrounding the individual and poses a problem on the community in general, both socially and economically. If not the number one problem in community health, it certainly is one of the most expensive with a total of $487 billion dollars spent each year.
When thinking of drug use, most people think of the most common being tobacco and alcohol, however prespcription and nonprescription drugs are also a cause for concern.
There are several factors that make some people more susceptible to drug use than others such as personal, home and family life, social and peer groups and sociocultural environment.
Whenever something poses a problem, a solution is always a work in progress. In this case, there are three different levels of prevention:Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary. The four principal elements of drug abouse prevention and control are, education and treatment, public policy and law enforcement. In addition, there are federal, state, and local agencies and programs that help enforce these measures.

Reflection: This chapter seemed to trigger alot of thoughts among "Fab Five." We all kind of came to the agreement that growing up in Maine, we didn't really realize how big of an issue drug use actually was. The statistics about how much money is spent each year, really blew our minds.
Something else we discussed was why alcohol was actually legal. You always hear on the news about a car accident involving the use of alcohol, and read countless names in the newspaper everyday for DUI. Whats worse is the media glorifying the use, and portraying that if you smoke or drink you are someone "invincible" and will look "cool." Overall, we were all very intrigued and the chapter provoked some great conversation in our group discussion.

Monday, September 28, 2009

Chapter 6 - The School Health Program: A Component of Community Health

A coordinated school health program is one that is an "organized set of policies, procedures, and activities designed to protect, promote and improve the health and well-being of students and staff, thus improving the students ability to learn." The eight components of this program are health education, physical education, health services, nutrition services, counseling, psychological and social services, healthy school environment, health promotion for staff, and family/community involvement.
There are also three foundations in which a school health program requires in order to be successful. They are, (1)a school administration that supports such an effort, (2)a well organized school health council that is genuinely interested in providing a coordinated program for the students, and (3)written school health policies. One of the most prominent factors is number one. School nurses and teachers play a huge role in the influence of children. Most families nowadays have two working parents so most weeks, the children spend more time with the faculty of the school than with their own parents.
Though the program provides children and adolescents great knowlege for a healthy lifestyle, it also has many barriers to overcome. Lack of support, controversy regarding the curriculum, and violence in schools are to name a few.

Reflection: In discussing this chapter, Fab Five came to a general consensous that this chapter was very interesting. It appealed to a few of us, especially because we are interested in pursuing a position in a school system when we graduate.
We didn't really realize just how many components actually fell into the category of school health. Before reading the chapter, we viewed it as just physical education and health education. We didn't consider the couseling, the nutrition services, or any others, so that really broaded our view.
Something else we talked about was the lack of support for the CSHP. In many schools, it isn't considered as a "core" subject. Professor Swan put a quote up on the overhead recently that indicated that health is the most important knowlege you can get, because without it, no other goals can be met. In reference to that, your knowlege of social studies, english, math, and science aren't going to get you very far in life, if you don't have a healthy leg to stand on. With that being said, it is very important for children to get the right information so that they may lead a healthy lifestyle and encourage their families as well.

Sunday, September 27, 2009

Ch #5 Abstract/Reflection

http://fabfive-commhealth.blogspot.com/


The abstract discusses int he first half of this chapter, how a successful community health worker must master the skills to organize a community and to plan a health promotion plan. It briefly talked about how the need for organizing communities has changed from the past to now. It now takes specific skills to organize a community to act together due to changes in the community social structure. the early approaches used consensus and cooperation. In recent years three primary methods have developed 1)local development 2)social planning 3)social action. However old or new, the work and resources of many have much better chance of solving a problem than the work and resources of a few. It presented a generic approach in 10 steps to the process of Community Organizing/Building 1) recognizing the issue 2)gaining entry into the community 3) organizing the people 4)assessing the community 5)determining the priorities and setting goals 6)arriving at a solution and selecting intervention strategies 7)implementing the plan 8)evaluating the outcomes of the plan of action 9)maintaining the outcomes in the community 10)looping back.
This chapter also discusses some models for community organizing/building that have been created by government agencies for specific projects or programs. For example, Healthy cities/Healthy Communities is and initiative of the World Health Organization that provides five-steps:
1. Mobilize key individuals and organizations
2. Assessing community needs, Strengths, and Resources
3. Plan for action
4. Implement the action Plan
5. Track Progress and Outcomes

Another model brought up in the chapter is the Planned Approach to Community Health (PATCH) which was created by the Center for Disease control and Prevention to "strengthen state and local health departments, capacities to plan, implement, and evaluate community-based health promotion activities targeted toward priority health problems" (McKenzie, pg. 130). In addition to this program there is also the Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships (MAPP). It's approach is to improve health and quality of life through mobilizing partnerships and taking strategic action.

In the second half of this chapter presents the process of health promotion programming. Planning a health promotion is the second necessary skill. Education is an important part of health promotion, however promotion an education do not mean the same thing. It breaks it down into Health Education and Health Promotion. It shows a model that educates the reader of the relationship between these two. Health Education is only one pat of the health promotion. The end of the chapter generalizes the program planning into first (assessing needs), second (setting goals and objectives), third (developing and intervention), fourth (implementing the intervention), fifth (evaluating the results). A very similar set up as the organization of the community.

The reflection of chapter #5 that we want to discuss, was in the paragraph "Need for Organizing Communities". It explained how the need to organize communities has increased. Due to some factors like advances in electronics (digital),, and communication (cell phones, Internet), increased mobility (world-wide travel), which has resulted in a sense of loss in communities. Today it is not uncommon for people to never meet their neighbors. In other cases, people today only see or talk to their neighbors once or twice a year. Due to our need for more independence, we have found ourselves changing the community social structure , ti now takes specific skill to organize a community to act together for the collective good. The early approach to community organization by social worker s used the consensus and cooperating to deal with community problems. In recent years they've been using three primary methods to do this 1)locality development, 2)social planning, 3)social action. Even the newer models are based more on collaborative empowerment and community building. Though which ever the models you use-old-new- the common theme which team #5 thinks we can all agree on is : The work and resources for many have a much better chance of solving a problem than the work and resources of a few.

Ch #5 Abstract/Reflection

http://fabfive-commhealth.blogspot.com

Monday, September 21, 2009

Chapter 3 Epidemiology: The Study of Disease, Injury, and Death in the Community


Chapter 3 discussed epidemiology and the different components of it. A person who studies the trends of disease, injury, and death among a population is called an epidemiologist. The goal of the epidemiologist is to limit the disease, injuries, and deaths in a community by making it so that the outbreaks of epidemics are limited or don't happen at all.
There are many tools epidemiologists use to calculate certain rates, such as: mortality rates, fatality rates, incident, prevalence, attack, age-adjusted, crude, and many more. These help to see where the outbreaks are occurring so that the epidemiologist can go to that particular population and figure out how to keep sickness to a minimal. Epidemiologists also use tools to help analyze disease, such as the US Census, the CDC, and three types of studies: descriptive, analytic, and experimental.
- Descriptive studies describe the extent of outbreaks in regard to person, place, and time.
- Analytic studies test hypotheses regarding associations between diseases and risk factors.
- Experimental studies examine the effects of specific factors under carefully controlled conditions.
After discussing this chapter, Fab Five agreed that the job of an epidemiologist would be very hard, having to deal with so many people, endless causing factors, terminology, and statistics. We all agreed that epidemiology truly can be called "population medicine" because the way doctors see patients, epidemiologists see populations. Overall, we all thought this chapter was an eye-opener because all of our lives we've only had to worry about our health and our families health; however, we now understand the factors that go into studying the diseases of a community and find it fascinating how they are tracked, taken care of, and prevented.

Sunday, September 20, 2009

Chapter 4: Epidemiology:Prevention and control of Diseases and health conditions

Chapter Four talked about the differences between communicable diseases which are infectious and concummunicable diseases which are noninfectious, which catorgoize as acute or cronic. The chapter simplifided these differences by using the chain of infection model. It shows the breaking of one or more links in the chain which can interrupt the transmission of a disease. This chapter helped us to understand the differences that there were with the communicable and the noncommunicable diseases, in order for a communicable disease to occur, a host, agent and environment must be present and for a noncommunicable disease are caused by different kinds of things or etiologies, in order to understand this better there is a multicausation model that helps to see what happens. Some of the factors that were listed in the model are, air pollution, economics, environment, health care system, water quality, and the persons own behavioral choices, like smoking or not smoking or exercising regularly. When it comes to actually preventing these diseases there are three different levels, primary, secondary, and tertiary.
As a group we decided that this chapter really helped with understanding how the disesases are broken down and put into different catagories. Before reading the chapter we didnt really realize what epidemiology was and how many different parts there were to it. It was interesting and it's good to know about so that we can figure out ways to prevent these things happening. All the carts and diagrams also helped with understanding the overwhelming parts of the chapter.

Friday, September 11, 2009

Chapter 1

The first chapter of this book introduced many aspects of community health, some of which we had never thought of. Like any good text book, basic definitions were first provided and explained to get the readers on the same track before further exploring community health. Through the chapter health is referred to in many ways. The definition of health varies among people and the context in which it is used. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.” Yet, the definition many of us like to use for health is “that it can exist in varying degrees and is unique to everyone and the situation they may be in.” (McKenzie, pg. 6) The chapter then discussed the many factors that can affect the health of a community. These factors were listed as the physical, social and cultural, community organizations and individual behaviors of people in the community. It also covered the history of community health, from before 500 B.C. up to the twentieth century. In these centuries before us many actions were taken to better the health of people in those communities. Yet, there is still much room for improvement.
After reading the chapter we all agreed that the history of community health was extremely important for us to acknowledge. We discussed the improvements made over the years and how tremendous they were. Yet, we all said there was still more that could be done. Learning such things as the vaccinations against 15 life-threatening diseases, communities trying to provide safer and healthier water and foods, and health care programs becoming available for everyone really showed us that the government and health organizations in the U.S. really do care about our health and well-being. It definitely puts our minds at ease knowing our health is important to many people.